Tuesday, 24 February 2015

Theme: God’s love: A call to preach and to sin boldly

Text: Colossians 3:12-17
12 As God's chosen ones, holy and beloved, clothe yourselves with compassion, kindness, humility, meekness, and patience. 13 Bear with one another and, if anyone has a complaint against another, forgive each other; just as the Lord has forgiven you, so you also must forgive. 14 Above all, clothe yourselves with love, which binds everything together in perfect harmony. 15 And let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts, to which indeed you were called in the one body. And be thankful. 16 Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly; teach and admonish one another in all wisdom; and with gratitude in your hearts sing psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs to God. 17 And whatever you do, in word or deed, do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him.


Prior to my theological exposure, I had several questions in my mind, as to why God created the LGBTQ people? Who are these homosexuals? Why they behave like that? Will they enter heaven with me? Why are they indulging in such ‘unholy’ activities?

It was in my third year of B.D. studies that I had encountered to learn more about the people with homosexual orientation and on the whole the LGBT community. I was so fascinated about the fact that God is indeed very creative in creating all of creation in a unique manner. This encounter enhanced my theological thinking and deliberations to broaden my perspective in this regard. This provoked me further to post such thoughts on the social network. But these posts were not well received by my friends. I was criticised for such posts. I wondered how intolerant the people can be towards people who are different. But I failed to realise that I too was like that, at one point of time, until I realised that God’s love transcends all human understanding.

Today, we see that there is a lot of discrimination within the church, like gender inequality where women and children are treated with the patriarchal bias, the people of the so called dominant caste ill-treating those of the oppressed caste, oppression based on creed, race, and sexuality and so on. But still we claim that we exemplify Christ in all possible ways – What hypocrisy? Is this what Christ wanted from us, ‘the Church’? Does the love of God sanction such atrocities within the body of Christ?

In this letter the author addresses the issues of baptism and circumcision. He responds to the issues by stating how the church ought to accept the people in spite of their differences. The questions, who can be a part of the church, and how the church needs to respond to the new believers? This is being addressed in the read passage, which is a part of the larger pericope from 3:5 to 4:6. The writer here places prominently before the readers, not only the Soteriological, but also the cosmical significance of Christ. Here we see that Christ is the Head both of the Church and of the new creation. All things created find purpose of existence in him.

In this congregation at Colossae, we can see there was a tension between the dominant and the oppressed of the various strata of structures. It was in such a context that the writer to the Colossians visualizes and urges an acceptance beyond differences. But what can bring about unity? The answer unmistakably is the divine love Agape.

The author of the letter writes to the church at Colossae, teaching them what is required by the people who have embraced Christianity, and lists the qualities necessary for living in the new community. The believers have already stripped off the old person, but still need to discard the vices, so now, as they have already put on the new self, they still need to clothe themselves with specific virtues like, compassion, humility, kindness, meekness and patience. It is the ability not to become frustrated and angered but to make allowances for each other’s shortcomings and to accept their differences, which is essential for harmonious living as one community.

Bearing with the others involves fully accepting them for who they are, with their weaknesses and differences and leaving to them their space, which the writer proposes as a possible solution. This must be a motivational ground for us to understand the forgiveness, which results in knowing oneself to have been forgiven by Christ, and to realise this generosity that requires to forgive others. Further in the passage we see that clothing the self with love which does not mean that you wear it on and remove it later, but wearing on the love that dwells throughout. This is the love that can be described as a bond of perfection. This we see in 1 Corinthians 13 of which love is the greatest virtue, and that love functions in a perfect way, or in a way that will lead to perfection. In the broader context of relationships, love acts as a bond not only for the other’s virtue, but also for the community which they are to be displayed. Perfection of this love is not some individually gained state but a corporate one achieved in a relationship of love.

The writer to Colossians, goes on to say that the peace of Christ is more explicitly personified and is seen as ruling in the new order. God has brought the believers into this new order of peace. Now they are to let this peace take control over both, the centre of the individual’s life and in the one body that they are called to be. The term ‘one body’ as mentioned in v15 refers to the unity of the body of Christ. The ‘peace’ as mentioned is God’s initiative and to respond to this peace is every believer’s responsibility. The initiative and the responsibility go hand in hand. In being called into one unified body of the corporate humanity we are called to live out its transcending the divisions to appropriate Christ’s peace. This is what we see in the art work.

Verse 17’s language makes it amply clear that the scope of the strong urging (paraenesis) is being extended from community life and worship life to encompass all of life. To do ‘everything in the name of the lord Jesus’ is to recognize that Jesus’ lordship claims every part of the believer’s life. But it is also clear that this obedience is not a burdensome duty but the accompaniment and natural expression of thanksgiving offered to God through Christ.

LGBT: Excuse us please, but we would like to know why then have we been criminalised like this, when the ‘word of God’ asks its believers to embrace us with love and accept us with the differences?

Thank you for initiating the dialogue. Yes dear friends, why then do we criminalize the sexual minority when they are to be accepted into the Christian fold as they are? God has accepted them. Who are we to push them away? What then can we do? What is it that the read passage urge us to do? How can we express God’s love practically?

Well, the answer to these questions would be the one inspirational line that was said by one of our professor in class, “preach your conviction, and not your doubts”

Yes we are good preachers. For most of us who would return back to the church, this is our vocation. But how well do we use this opportunity of preaching to stand up against the unjust structures within the church and in society? That still remains a question. I would take it from here, this is my first point, “Preach your conviction”. Yes, we need to preach to the world our conviction, the conviction that God is love and this very love of God transcends all human made barriers, boundaries and understanding. Today I am sure that we are convinced that God has loved us and wants us to love others the same way, we are told to love our neighbors as ourselves, and I’m all the more convinced that this very gospel of love has no contradictions.

Congregation: Iyah we can love and accept them but for sure we cannot accept their sin they must repent for the sin they have committed and become like us.

My dear friend, if you say so then there is no use of the love that you show. For in the v14 from the read passage says that we must clothe ourselves in love, a love that binds us in perfect harmony, and this love when expressed means that, we are to accept them as they are and with their differences. There is much in the scripture about compassion for our fellow human beings, a call for empathy and justice for the marginalized, and a standard of honesty, mutuality and love in all relationships. Therefore, I say, preach your conviction that God is love and has called us to express that very love of God.

LGBT: ha ha ha… you say love and love and preach this love, what is the use of just preaching and not doing?

Hmmm… that is true what is the use of just preaching and not doing? I’m sure when we are convinced we surely want to do, as we preach. But a fear of being different from others, the fear of being branded a heretic, the fear of being called a sinner of the lowest order, sticks to our mind and dilutes our actions. This makes us merely preachers and not doers.

For this I would put forth another statement that caught my attention in class. That is ‘Sin boldly’.

Yes you heard me right, Sin boldly, that is my second point. In our Christian life, we tend to be more worried about the possibility of committing sin, and hence we prefer to stay detached from the sinful world to remain sinless and Godly. Luther’s advice to Melanchthon to “sin boldly, but believe and rejoice in Christ even more boldly” is very relevant to us. Since we are both saints and sinners, sin is inevitable in our life; Justified by faith rather than by “getting it right,” we are free to act, accepting the possibility of failure while trusting in Christ’s victory over sin and death. But the ‘sin’, I intend is not the sin in the literal sense. But it is in the sense of how people would consider the act of standing up against injustices and the structures of the society, like for example, speaking for the LGBT community will result in branding you to be a “Sinner” but that is okay, we ought to sin boldly.

But our problem here is, our reluctance to “sin boldly.” We do not want to get it wrong. As a result we abstain from all social interventions and lead a pious and spiritual life shielding ourselves from all the possibilities of getting contaminated by the world. Let me identify a few things that would help us explore possibilities to Sin Boldly. First of all we have failed in understanding the structural and systemic nature of sin, and as a result we do not perceive patriarchy, hunger, and casteism, as sin. We also tend to avoid and deny our participation in these systemic sins that cause death and destruction.
Secondly, our reluctance to “sin boldly” is also due to our denial of recognizing ourselves as God’s co-workers. As unified in the body of Christ, we are called and empowered by God to receive God’s love, and to live out this Just love in the world. We are here to let God work through us, in us and among us to bring healing from all forms of sins that would destroy God’s gift of abundant life for all. This is our vocation as Christ’s body on earth today.

Our fear of “not being able to make a difference’’ is preventing us from this engagement. We are too preoccupied with the success stories. Our sense of powerlessness stems from our reluctance to recognize God as the pioneer and perfecter of our faith. Shiphrah and Puah, the two midwives are examples for the courage to “sin boldly.” They had to make a choice between the King’s order and the Divine will. It was a morally ambiguous situation. They were not absolutely clear about the consequences of their action. But they showed the courage to act, trusting in God’s promise and ‘sinned boldly’.

So let us then, defy the normalcy and other norms that are so called ‘normal’ and confront the sins of the society and express love. We will be branded sinners, but that should not hinder us from standing in solidarity with the oppressed in own respective contexts. If the society brands us as sinners, it’s Ok. For that is what we are called for, to be one unified body, in which Christ’s peace shall rule. Therefore let us as a church strive to express this love of God that binds us in perfect harmony.

So let us preach our convictions, and Sin boldly… Amen.

Monday, 23 February 2015

Senior Service:- God’s Love: A call to preach and to sin boldly

United Theological College
Order of worship
Name: Vinod Shemron. S.                              Date: 23rd February 2015
*********************************************************
Prelude: as the music is being played, let us be disturbed by its difference in its uniqueness
Call to worship:
Come let us worship God, the creator of all creatures in a unique way
Come let us worship Jesus the liberator, who redeemed us
Come let us worship the Holy Spirit, who helps us to understand the love of God
We are here to worship God in truth and in spirit
Skit:
CM1: Hey listen, this is not a place for people like you.
CM2: Why have you all come here? You are defiling the holy place.
LGBT: What do you mean? We have come here to worship God, we are also created by this same God you believe created you.
CM1: What? Worship? Yes our God created you too, but you are all sinners and are doomed to hell because of your unholy activities
LGBT: No, we are just human beings like you, we too have desires and dreams
CM2: Eeewww… just get away. You are to be sent away, this is not a place for you
CM1: Hey maybe we can allow them to sit there…
(Pointing at the accused’s stand) listen you people, consider this our mercy to you. Don’t you dare move out from here
Hymn of praise and thanksgiving: (Standing)
Holy, holy, holy! Lord God Almighty!
All Thy works shall praise Thy Name, in earth, and sky, and sea;
Holy, holy, holy; merciful and mighty!
God in three Persons, blessed Trinity!
     Holy, holy, holy! We are here to thank thee,
     Though the eye of sinful one Thy glory may not see;
     only Thou art holy; there is none beside Thee,
     Perfect in power, in love, and purity.

Skit:
LGBT: Stop! Stop! Stop! All this invitation and singing, does it all really make sense when you have not allowed us to worship like the others?
LGBT: You have criminalised us and put us in such a state where we are separated and maligned.
CM1: Hey, we have just given you some place, so you better be happy for that, and don’t you spoil our worship.
LGBT: If this is called worship then we do not want to be in such a place
LGBT: If you say this God will not accept us, then we will say, we will not accept this God.
(Dear friends, Let us be seated and listen to the gospel to be shared for today)
Bible reading: Colossians 3:12-17
Sermon: God’s Love: A call to preach and to sin boldly
Confession:
We confess oh lord, our reluctance to accept the others with their differences. We were lethargic and insensitive to your call and to the cries of the queer community, the women, the children and the oppressed caste people, around us and remained fearlessly silent to our own obstructive thinking and not including our neighbours and friends into the fold. Lord forgive us for being agents of patriarchy, sexism, casteism and all the other isms that separate us from each other and apparently separating ourselves from you. We plead guilty oh lord, for being silent at times when we should have spoken. Help us to challenge our closed mind-set, quicken our conscience and broaden our thinking to express your love to the entire creation, and bind us all in perfect harmony. Amen.
Assurance of pardon:
Now that you have realised and pleaded for forgiveness and mercy, God is gracious to forgive you. Be assured of this forgiveness and tarry in peace. Amen.

Skit and commitment song[1]:
(The LGBT friends will be reconciled in the first stanza and lead in singing the second stanza)
Lord we built walls that separate,
We thought we were great,
And shunned others down,
We pretend like saints and they the sinners,
And made this world a different place,
With no love, justice and peace;
Ch.:     Oh lord our God
            Embrace us with your arms of love
            Guide us to show your love from our heart
            Showing it as a whole and not just a part
Lord we’ll break these walls that separate,
Shun down the thoughts of dominance,
Pull down notions of being saints,
And make this world a better place,
With your love justice and peace;
Ch.:     Oh lord our God
            Embrace us with your arms of love
            Guide us to show your love from our heart
            Showing it as a whole and not just a part
Affirmation of our conviction (Church member and LGBT)
We believe in God, in whose image we are created to live in harmony with everyone and every creature. We were created in God’s likeness with unique dreams, desires, sexuality and form. We believe in Jesus, the Son of God, who came down to the earth to express the love of God to all. In all audacity, he sinned boldly by challenging the human made structures and embraced irrespective of gender, class, race, sexuality and ethnicity. He in his suffering and in his death, explained to us the way in which we are to love God and love our neighbours. And in his resurrection from the dead, he promised to come again to establish his reign in which peace and serenity will prevail and until then we as agents are to proclaim the love of God not only in words but in deeds. We believe in the Holy Spirit who helps us understand God’s word and enables us to do accordingly to demonstrate peace. We believe in the Universal Church, which is called out to be a living testimony of the love of God in embracing creation and binding in perfect harmony. We believe, the resurrection of the body, and await the life to come that is filled with love, justice and peace. Amen.
Intercession:
L: We pray oh lord for the Universal Church that she may teach your word and your way to set out a church that is inclusive of all people irrespective of their caste, creed, sexuality, race, and gender, and stand against the injustices in the society when and where it arises.
Silence…
G: We pray for all those in power. May your guiding presence be with them and help them to stand up for the right cause and do justice not merely as a duty but as a responsibility that has been vested upon them.
Silence…
B: We pray for all the people who are going through the various kinds of discriminations at all levels. God give them the strength to voice out from wherever they are, and support them with your agents of peace so that justice maybe granted and peace shall prevail.
Silence…
T: We pray oh lord for UTC and all those related directly and indirectly to the community. Give us the courage to free ourselves from the clutches of the dominant and embrace our vocation to rise against injustices everywhere, especially in our own church contexts.
Silence…
Let us pray for our families and our personal needs
Silence…
Lord’s Prayer[2] (sung)
Our God who dwells among us,
May your name be sanctified
Your kingdom come
Your will be done
On earth as in heaven
Give us today our needed meal
Forgive us, as we forgive
Lead us not into any temptation
Free us from all evil
For yours is the kingdom
Forever and ever, Amen
Closing prayer:
Ever loving God, you through your love sent your only son, that we may have peace and experience your extravagant love. We thank you for being with us throughout the worship and enabling us to understand the meaning of love and instigating our thoughts to ponder further and express in the right manner at all places. We pray this prayer in the name of him, whom you sent in love, Jesus Christ our lord. Amen.
Benediction:
Go therefore, and preach your convictions and sin boldly. May the Love, Grace and Peace of the triune God be with you now and forever more Amen
****************************
Acknowledgements:
v  I thank God almighty for helping me throughout
v  I thank my parents and my brother, I am what I am, mainly because of them. And also Dr. Muthuraj my tutor, and all the members of the faculty for inspiring me in one way or the other and guiding me through this phase of ministerial formation.
v  I thank my sister Blessy who made time to be with me and assist me with the music and also for her beautiful art work
v  I thank all my friends, brothers and sisters who acted in the skit and in the arrangements for worship today
v  I thank Samuel Ragland Paul for composing the music for the song
v  I thank all my friends especially BD IV for journeying with me these four years and enhancing my thinking and helping me evolve from what I was to what I am.



[1] Written by the worship leader and set tune by Samuel Ragland Paul of BD I
[2] Edited and set tune by the worship leader

Friday, 14 March 2014

Johannine thought: John 20:11-18

Working text
NRSV John 20:11 But Mary stood weeping outside the tomb. As she wept, she bent over to look into the tomb;
ESV and the NASV uses the word ‘stooped’ instead of ‘bent over’. The NIV however retains ‘bent over’ but instead of ‘weeping’ it is translated as crying. In the NKJV we see the usage ‘stooped down’, and that Mary was standing outside ‘by’ the tomb.
NRSV John 20:12 and she saw two angels in white, sitting where the body of Jesus had been lying, one at the head and the other at the feet.
The ESV has a similar kind of verse but in the NAS the word ‘beheld’ is used instead of ‘saw’, the NIV  uses the same words but uses ‘seated’ for ‘sitting’ and the words laid has been omitted and it ends with ‘been’, NKJ there is not much changes as it resounds the NRSV.
NRSV John 20:13 They said to her, "Woman, why are you weeping?" She said to them, "They have taken away my Lord, and I do not know where they have laid him."
ESV and the NIV resounds the same as the NRSV but in the NAS and the NKJV, the question is being reasoned with ‘because’ and in the NIV
NRSV John 20:14 when she had said this, she turned around and saw Jesus standing there, but she did not know that it was Jesus.
ESV opens ‘Having said this’ whereas the NAS starts with ‘When she had said this’ and uses ‘beheld’ instead of saw. The NIV opens with ‘At this’, and the word realize instead of know, the NKJV starts with ‘Now when she had said this’ and continues as in the NRSV
NRSV John 20:15 Jesus said to her, "Woman, why are you weeping? Whom are you looking for?" Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, "Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away."
ESV and NAS uses ‘seeking’ instead of ‘looking for’ and the latter continues to use ‘seeking’ instead of ‘looking for’ NIV  opens with ‘"Woman," he said’ rather than Jesus said to her and uses ‘crying’ instead of weeping and ‘Thinking’ instead of “supposing’ and the NKJV reframes the NRSV
NRSV John 20:16 Jesus said to her, "Mary!" She turned and said to him in Hebrew, "Rabbouni!" (Which means ‘Teacher’)
ESV, the NAS, NIV and the NKJV restate the same using the same words.
NRSV John 20:17 Jesus said to her, "Do not hold on to me, because I have not yet ascended to the Father. But go to my brothers and say to them, 'I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.'"
ESV uses ‘cling’ rather than ‘hold’, and NAS significantly uses ‘Stop clinging to Me’. The NIV uses ‘returned’ instead of ascended and adds the word ‘instead’ “Go instead to my brothers” and the NKJV John 20:17 also uses ‘cling’ instead of ‘hold’
NRSV John 20:18 Mary Magdalene went and announced to the disciples, "I have seen the Lord"; and she told them that he had said these things to her.
ESV resounds the NRSV here, and in the NAS we see that Mary Magdalene ‘came announcing’ and NIV states what Mary was announcing ‘with the news’ NKJ in this verse we see the usage of ‘told’ than ‘announced’
Interpretation
Historical description
This narrative shows some traces of the literary influence of the short Marcan resurrection story, but in substance it is independent.  This means that the historical value cannot be accurately assessed. Mary visiting the tomb early morning on Sunday finds it open. She supposes that  either the enemies or tomb robbers have taken the body away and informs Peter and the beloved disciple, who run to the tomb, find it empty and see the clothes in which the body of Jesus was wrapped. The beloved disciple, who was the first to reach the tomb followed Peter into in and when he saw, believed that Jesus had risen from the dead.
Mary had followed the two men, and when she they left she remained outside the tomb. Looking in she saw two angels. She tells them the reason for distress, but from that point the angels play no part in the story, for Mary turning round sees Jesus himself, though it is only when he addresses her by name that she recognises him, but Jesus warns Mary not to hold on to him. He then sends her to the disciple with the message of his ascension, which she duly conveys to the other disciples. This makes Mary the first person to carry the gospel of resurrection, to the disciples.[1]
Mary Magdalene
Jesus healed Mary Magdalene who was possessed by evil spirits. She became his faithful disciple and ministered to him out of her own sources (Lk. 3: l-3).105 She played supportive roles during Jesus’ hour (hora), the crucial moment of Jesus’ ministry that made God’s love and salvation a reality to the world.
Significantly, on the third day, the first Easter Sunday, the women, especially Mary Magdalene, discover the empty tomb. Both in the Synoptics and in John the women continue their place in the resurrection story. Whereas the men are the commanded, the women are the mourners, observers and messengers at the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus. When Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene outside the tomb where he addressed her as "woman" (gunai), a term of endearment or respect when used in address (Jn. 20: l6).
John singles out Mary Magdalene as the only woman who first discovered the empty tomb (Jn.20: 1-2) and who received the first Easter Christophany as well as the apostolic commission to announce the good news of Jesus’ resurrection (Jn. 20:11-18). Barrette comments that, in John 20:1-18, John has skilfully combined two traditions of Jesus’ resurrection, resurrection appearance, and the discovery of empty tomb is correct, then Mary Magdalene is the unifying figure of the two traditions. She saw the risen Christ first and bore witness to him (cf. Mk. 16:9-10). Mary’s proclamation to the male disciples saying, "I have seen the Lord" (Jn. 20:18), has apostolic significance.[2]


Theological focus
The narrative is infused with theological themes of a Johannine kind: seeing and believing, and the ascent of Jesus to the Father. The central place is given to the beloved disciple, and this focus can actually affect the historical estimate of the story accordingly, as it is thought that, the beloved disciple represents a serious historical source or not. The older the tradition says, nothing of an appearance to Mary Magdalene, and the oldest traditions the resurrection were probably richer and more varied that those which have come down to us, and once more it is quite possible that John is using traditional materiel, but presenting it in his own way.  There is no doubt that the present passage shows dramatic writing of great skill and individuality. The beloved disciple appears once more in the company of Peter, and, though Peter is the first to enter the empty tomb, the former is the first to believe in the resurrection, and he still holds in this sense a primacy of faith.
The resurrection is presented is a stage in the process by which Jesus ascends to the Father. No further ascension narrative is recorded, could be because John intends his readers to think of the one compound event of crucifixion and resurrection as the means by which Christ departed to Christ.
Critical reflection and Insights
This narrative of the John’s gospel has made rounds at several instances. We see this passage in the light of feminist theologies to interpret it. It is very evident that a woman is being used as an important character in this narrative by the evangelist. When we look back into the Jewish cultural setting, we see that the women were not being regarded or given any kind of importance in the Jewish society, but is stunning to note that in this episode of Jesus’ appearances, it is said that he appeared to a woman (Mary Magdalene) and is said to have commissioned her to spread the news of resurrection to the other disciples.
In this passage we see the main element as a missiological dimension to the passage. Go to my brothers and say (v17) clearly shows the sending out of Mary to inform the other disciples. This verse is indeed a significant one as read in the context. Jesus is being radical in sending forth a woman as a messenger to pass on the message of his ascension to his Father. This shows that he had considered the women and regarded them for their works. it is astounding to note that the other disciples had left and carried their emotions with them but it was Mary who remained at the tomb and ‘weeping bitterly’ she sat at the tomb. As a normal human being she was puzzled when she knew that the body of Christ was missing.
Hence was worried and asked the angels and then Jesus himself without knowing who he was until she realised that it was him. Mary replied ‘Rabboni’ which the author translates as ‘teacher’, but the literal meaning of the word actually means ‘my teacher’. Just then Jesus says, ‘do not touch me’ this is a problematic part because later Jesus allows Thomas to touch him but here he denies permission to Mary asking her not to touch him. but the later part of the statement gives us the answer for this question, as Jesus wanted to make sure to Mary that he would not be with them in the same form as they have known him all these days but in Spirit in fact through the Holy Spirit he will be present and not in body. It is this truth that Mary was yet to learn. Mary then returned with the message which can in some measure be the message every believer who encounters the risen Christ. She said it very clearly ‘I have seen the lord’ (v18) simply meaning, Jesus is alive, death has not held him, he is risen.[3]
 We see it very clearly that the women enjoyed a role in the life and ministry of Jesus, and that Mary Magdalene had played a vital role in it. I am sure that the intended meaning was to include women in the ministerial work of the church. This very act of Jesus in considering her important to pass on the message of resurrection itself is an act of acceptance of women as a partners and co workers in the ministry of the church.
Historical interpretation of the text
Early Church Fathers[4]
Chrysostom: As a woman, Mary was full of feeling and more inclined to pity, he goes on to say that in this case one might wonder, how is it that Mary wept bitterly and the tomb while Peter, was in no way affected. For ‘disciples’ the passage says, ‘went away to their own home’ but Mary stood there shedding tears. This was because hers was a tender nature, and she as yet did not have an accurate account of the resurrection. The question arises, why didn’t they immediately go to Galilee as that is what was commanded before the passion? They waited for the others, perhaps, and besides they were yet at the height of their amazement.
Cyril of Alexandria: The wise disciples, after having gathered sufficiently satisfactory evidence of the resurrection of our saviour, were unsure, as it was what to do with their confirmed and unshaken faith. Comparing the events as they had actually occurred with the prophecies of Holy Scripture, they went back home and most likely hurried to see their fellow works to recount the miracle and afterward consider what course should be pursued[5].
Jerome: None of the evangelists describe the actual resurrection itself, for it was witnessed by no one. The Gospels and 1st Cor 15:4-7 witness to the fact of the resurrection, however, by testimony to the empty tomb on Easter morning and the appearances of the risen Christ to his disciples. It is not correct to distinguish two forms of this testimony as though the ides of the empty tomb had been afterthought; an attempt to ‘objectivise’ what had originally been subjective experiences of the disciples to whom Christ appeared after his death. The testimony to the empty tomb is also present, although implicitly, in the oldest of the written New Testament testimonies found in 1st Cor. John’s witness to the resurrection, then, though it is distinctively his own, is no respect ‘later’ than the rest of the new testament testimonies.[6]
Modern theologians
Schnackenburg: It is easy to recognise in this passage that various traditions have worked together: the women’s visit to the tomb; the disciples’ inception of the tomb, appearance of angels, Jesus’ appearance to Mary Magdalene, the instruction given to Mary Magdalene to carry on a message to the disciples. From a stand point in history of tradition, there is conflict, above all, between the visit to the tomb and the appearances, and here again between the appearance of the angels and the appearance of Jesus. He goes on to summarise Wellhause to Bultmann, of singling out an original story in which Mary Magdalene alone plays a part: she comes to the tomb, finds the stone rolled away, looks into the tomb, and searches in vain for the body of Jesus. The end of the story is, it is true, variously assessed. Wellhause eliminates the angels and has the scene end with the appearance of the Jesus: Hirsch, retains as part of his basic gospel both the appearance of the angels and that of Jesus; Bultmann thinks that the evangelist has broken off the conclusion of the Mary-narrative belonging to the synoptic type replacing it with the appearance of Jesus.[7]
Moody Smith: John’s similarities to the synoptic accounts are so obvious that any differences stand out. We see in v2, ending of what might seem a very brief story of Mary alone discovering the tomb empty. Yet again in v18 Mary goes to report to the disciples. Not surprisingly, some exegetes have suggested that in this episode at least two narratives, once independent, have been combined. Also the characteristic of john is the dramatic encounter of Jesus and Mary alone v14-18, yet even this has a synoptic parallel. In Matthew, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary encounter Jesus as they leave the tomb and Jesus repeats the instruction they have just received from the angel.[8]
Native cultural comparison
The Johannine narrative of the first apparition of the risen Jesus to Mary Magdalene is very significant. The weeping of Mary reveals the depth of her love for Jesus. He affectionately calls her by name ‘Mary’ and she immediately recognises the gardener as the Risen Jesus. She is commissioned by him to be the first announcer of his resurrection to the other disciples. She becomes the first witness of the great news of resurrection of Jesus. He corrects her understanding and entrusts upon her a mission of announcing this great event of Jesus entering into glory of the Father which will bring about the new economy in which he will be present to them through the Spirit and his Father will become their Father too.[9] That among all his disciples a woman disciple is made by Jesus the first witness of the risen lord is very significant in the Jewish context where the witness of a woman is always undermined.
By making a woman his first witness, Jesus upholds the worth, dignity, and importance of women who are marginalised and treated like the second rate citizens. Mary, who has been weeping out of her sadness and hopelessness of seeing the empty tomb, now declares openly to others that she has seen the lord. Whenever Dalits experience the liberation from all that has been dehumanizing them, it has to be proclaimed and celebrated. The Dalits witness of such experiences is a proclamation of God’s presence and power being expressed through them.[10]
Exegetical essay
Mary remains at the tomb, and she looks in, it is no longer there, it is empty. The two angels appear, she repeats the story about the violation of the tomb. The angles however are forgotten and disappear from the story as she turns and sees the one whom she takes to be a gardener. She fails to recognise the appearance of Jesus, but not his voice as he calls her by name. The good shepherd calls his own sheep by name, and they know his voice. Jesus reply to her exclamation calls for some explanation. ‘Do not hold me’ represents the Greek sentence which literally means ‘stop touching me’ or ‘do not attempt to touch me’. The prohibition itself is contrasting, and the reason given is even more obscure. ‘I have not ascended to my Father yet’. It seems to imply that there will be a later moment, after the ascension when touching is permissible. This seems hardly intelligible, though some have held that John believed the ascension to have taken place between 20:17 and v27.
The emphasis on the ‘coming’ signifies that Mary left her lord at once to convey his message. ‘I have see the lord’ is direct speech, but the other half is indirect; ‘she told them that he had said these things’. Here we find that resurrection appearance is given as her personal testimony for this Mary becomes the first to witness the resurrection of Jesus. But the message Christ had asked her to deliver, means that not only she had seen the risen Christ but had also heard him say these things, hence becoming an apostolic witness of the Lord.[11] In the last words of v17 Jesus distinguishes between himself and his relation to God, and his disciples and their relation to God. To each, God is ‘God and Father’; he calls them his brothers. Yet he is God’s son eternally, and they are God’s children only through him.[12]
In the context of our society today it is very much necessary for us to give importance for women. Women over the historical age have lived a life succumbed to various atrocities and dominion. In the light of the passage, we have learnt that Jesus was indeed a person who treated al equally and made sure the women also were treated with respect and dignity and with importance.


Bibliography
Barrett C. K., The Gospel according to John; SPCK: London 1955
Elowsky C. Joel. Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: New Testament. Illinois: Inter-Varsity Press, 2007
Vanderlip, D. George., John the Gospel of life; Judson Press –Valley Forge 1993.
Smith, D Moody.  Abingdon New Testament Commentaries; Abingdon Press Nashville 1999.
Ed.  Brown, E. Raymond. and Joseph A. Fitzmyer,, The Jerome Biblical Commentary, Vol II; Published: TPI 1968.
Gen. ed. Black, Matthew. Peake’s Commentary on the Bible; Published: Thomas Nelson and sons LTD, London, 1975.
Vellanickal, Matthew. Studies in the Gospel of John; Published: A.T.C. Bangalore 1997.
Rao, O. M. The Fourth Gospel: Essays and Exegetical Notes on Selected Passages; Published: Theological Book Trust, Bangalore 1998.
Irudaya, Raj. Dalit Bible Commentary: New Testament, vol-4; Published: C.D.S. New Delhi 2009.
Schnackenburg, Rudolf. The Gospel according to St. John; Vol: III, Published: Burns & Oates, 1982.
Moloney, J. Francis, Glory not Dishonour: reading John 13-21; Published: Fortress Press, Minneapolis 1998
T. Johnson, Chakkuvarackal. Bangalore Theological Forum, Volume 34, Number 2, December Published: the United Theological College, Bangalore, India. 2002.




[1] C. K. Barrett, The Gospel according to John; SPCK: London 1955 pg. 466
[2] T. Johnson Chakkuvarackal Bangalore Theological Forum, Volume 34, Number 2, December 2002, Published: The United Theological College, Bangalore, India page. 58.
[3] D. George Vanderlip, John the Gospel of life; Judson Press –Valley Forge 1993 pg.129
[4] C. Joel. Elowsky Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: New Testament. Illinois: Inter-Varsity Press, 2007

[5] C. Joel. Elowsky Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: New Testament. Illinois: Inter-Varsity Press, 2007
[6]Ed.  Raymond Brown. E and Joseph A. Fitzmyer,, The Jerome Commentary, Vol II; Published: TPI 1968 pg.463
[7] Rudolf Schnackenburg, The Gospel according to St. John; Vol: III, Published: Burns & Oates, 1982 pg.303
[8] D. Moody Smith, Abingdon New Testament Commentaries; Abingdon Press Nashville 1999 pg.375
[9] Matthew Vellanickal, Studies in the Gospel of John, Published: A.T.C. Bangalore 1997, pg.222
[10]  Raj Irudaya, Dalit Bible Commentary: New Testament, vol-4; Published: C.D.S. New Delhi 2009, pg.169
[11] O. M. Rao, The Fourth Gospel: Essays and Exegetical Notes on Selected Passages; Published: Theological Book Trust, Bangalore 1998, pg.294
[12] Gen. ed. Matthew Black, Peake’s Commentary on the Bible; Published: Thomas Nelson and sons LTD, London, 1975 pg. 867

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